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Alexandria was not a Roman city. It was a Greek city under Roman administration, founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC and designed from its inception as a world capital — a city that would connect the Mediterranean world to Egypt and, through Egypt, to the trade routes of the …
Antioch on the Orontes — modern Antakya in southern Turkey near the Syrian border — was the third city of the Roman Empire and the capital of its …
On October 28, 312 AD, Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge north of Rome, ending the civil war between them and establishing …
Mithras had no mythology that anyone has found. The god who attracted devotees across the Roman Empire for three centuries, whose cult spread …
The unconquered sun — Sol Invictus — was the dominant religious force in the Roman Empire during the decades immediately before Christianity became …
Isis arrived in Rome over official objections. The Roman Senate banned her worship multiple times in the first century BC — in 58, 53, 50, and 48 BC, …
Rome was not original in its theology, and it did not pretend to be. The Romans were systematic borrowers of divine power, operating on the practical …